Supplementary video.mp4

Our homemade automated poling station is equipped with a two-dimensional precision control stage (Newport model 8742) for alignment of the sample in the X and Z directions, complemented by two three-dimensional translational stages that position the probes connected to the positive and negative poling electrodes. During the poling experiment, after ensuring proper contact between the first set of poling electrodes and the probes, the automated poling process is set to start, controlled by a LabVIEW program. During this process, the sample stage automatically moves down, advances forward, and moves up to initiate the next poling cycle, until the whole die containing 28 sets of electrodes are poled.